Dragana Stanković

Prikaz knjige: Miroslav Brkić, Zastupanje u socijalnom radu, Čigoja, 2010, Beograd, 131 str.

Transformacija kineskog društva je otpočela sa tržišno orjentisanim ekonomskim reformama 1978. godine koje su inicirale čitav niz promena u svim ostalim društvenim sferama. Reforme u svim sferama sistema su u tom periodu bile neophodan odgovor na brojne socijalne posledice koje je transformacija društva i prelazak na tržišnu privredu iznedrio. Brze ekonomske promene i socijalne posledice sredinom osamdesetih godina prošlog veka nametnule su potrebu radikalnijih reformi, posebno u oblasti penzijskog osiguranja, i to najpre u pravcu liberalizacije uslova za penzionisanje, a kasnije sa problemom enormnog porasta broja penzionera uvođenjem novog sistema. Takođe, sredinom devedesetih godina prošlog veka, vla­da počinje da donosi nove uredbe koje su predstavljale početak novog socijalnog staranja zajedno sa osnivanjem fondova za ove namene. Tokom vremena mehanizmi socijalne sigurnosti su postajali sve brojniji, a osnovni pravac reformi ovog sistema je bio ravnomerniji i usklađeniji razvoj socijalne politike različitim programima čiji je cilj što veći obuhvat stanovništva. Predmet ovog rada su pravci i ciljevi reformi socijalne politike koje su počele sa ekonomskim promenama, a čiji se isho­di, prema ocenama brojnih analitičara, veoma razlikuju.

Mnogi poremećaji mentalnog zdravlja, iako zajednički za oba pola, imaju različit tok, manifestaciju i rasprostranjenost kod muškaraca i žena. Žene su izložene specifičnim faktorima rizika koji povećavaju rizik od javljanja mentalnih poremećaja, a prisustvo više ovih faktora istovremeno povećava i komorbiditet bolesti. Faktori kao što su siromaštvo, nedostatak ili nedovoljni prihodi, nizak društveni status, iskustvo nasilja, pripadnost marginalizovanim grupama i tradicionalne uloge su okidač za pojavu određenih mentalnih poremećaja i njihovu veću učestalost nego kod muškaraca. Kako je rod u interakciji sa dru­gim društvenim faktorima, veća izloženost žena stresnim životnim događajima i različitim ulogama ih čini vulnerabilnijim i ima za posledicu loše ishode po njihovo mentalno zdravlje. Osim toga, isti simptomi su često predmet različitih dijagnoza od strane profesionalaca u zdravstvenom sistemu, kao i tretmana same bolesti ili bar doživljaja žena samog tretmana usled različitih potreba.

Despite reform efforts toward deinstitutionalization of social protection system in Serbia, encouraging the development of alternative community-based services in the community as well as the pressure from the international community in the European Union integration process, the care system for persons with intellectual and mental disabilities is still characterized by high rates of institutionalization and present waiting lists for accommodation in social protection institutions. The article will attempt to answer the question why the existing system of social protection, despite the formal commitment of the government, is not based on the basic principles of deinstitutionalization, which are the foundation for accomplishing the rights of people with intellectual and mental disabilities in accordance with international standards and policies in this area. Bearing in mind the complexity of the social protection system, the subject of this paper will be the analysis of the factors which inhibit or prevent the process of deinstitutionalization. The authors will argue that the reasons are twofold - structural and cultural, while for the identification and explanation of the major obstacles that hinder the deinstitutionalization process will be used institutional arguments. Continued reliance on institutional care of this social group shows "path dependency" in which the responses of the system are rooted in the socialist past. Understanding this historical impact is crucial for the further reform of the social protection system.

Serbia’s strategic priority in the EU integration process is harmonisation of legislative and administrative frameworks with European standards. The importance of migration issue arises from its relevance for the social and economic development and the rate of progress in the European Union accession process. Still, Serbia has no unique and explicitly formulated migration policy. Migration management and integration policy are primarily characterised by being focused on problems and needs of refugees and internally displaced persons. Despite the revised legislation within legal and illegal migrations, asylum and visa policies, adoption of many sector strategies, there is no comprehensive migration policy that is completely harmonised with the European Union guidelines, moralities and principles. Even with the significant progress in these areas, first of all in the asylum system which is harmonised to the international standards to a great extent, Serbia is still facing great challenges due to limited resources, lack of capacities and insufficient coordination of responsible authorities.